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  Probability theories play a crucial role in various domains, notably in industrial and systems engineering, operations research, and decision-making courses. While these theories are inherently logical, it is imperative for students to grasp two key aspects. Firstly, probabilities are typically derived from historical data, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive understanding of the data's context and reliability. Secondly, it is essential to recognize that these probabilities are most effective when applied to the design of policies rather than being employed for isolated, one-time decisions. To illustrate the first point, consider a manufacturing scenario where the probability of a machine failure is calculated based on historical breakdown data of  similar machines . In this context, the accuracy of the probability estimation for mean time to failure (MTTF) or mean time to repair (MTTR) hinges on the relevance and representativeness of the past incidents: were those machines

 Dictionaries define work as "activity involving mental or physical effort done to achieve a purpose or result" or "tasks to be undertaken; something a person or thing has to do." Within the Myers-Briggs #MBTI framework, xxxJ (judging) types are attuned to external order, directing themselves toward external objectives and goals. In contrast, xxxP (perceiving) types are conscious of internal order and might overlook the predefined goals, being more focused on and intrigued by the processes. In practical terms, xxxJ types naturally gravitate towards accomplishing tasks based on established or previously accepted principles/metrics/objectives/targets, exhibiting less inclination to question them. While they can do so, it pertains to their preferences and inherent orientation. On the other hand, xxxP types are conscious of the principles guiding the objectives, continually evaluating, reviewing, or adjusting those principles. xxxPs seek to understand or innovate, while

  Author :  Javad Seif, MBTI© Certified Practitioner In this article, we delve into the intriguing question of the probability of encountering another individual with the exact same MBTI Step II© profile. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Step II assesses personality using four preferences, each with 5 facets. A typical Step II report reveals individual preferences for Extraversion/Introversion (E/I), Sensing/Intuition (S/N), Thinking/Feeling (T/F), and Judging/Perceiving (J/P), along with their corresponding facet scores (Facets 1-20). Download the full article here.

Introduction: Becoming organized can significantly improve our lives, allowing us to expend less mental and physical energy on managing chaos. In this article, I'll delve into a counterintuitive concept: true freedom can be attained by embracing certain habits that restrict and limit you.  Observing organized individuals reveals that they follow simple habits that streamline their daily routines, leading to greater efficiency. Consider your work life and personal life as businesses and factories that require organization and systemic thinking to enhance efficiency and achieve your desired outcomes in life. This industrial/systems engineering perspective will guide you through the process of transforming your life by designing rules and algorithms to optimize key operations. Step 0: Understand why being organized increases your freedom In this initial step, simply observe the people around you and differentiate between those who are generally considered organized and those who exhib

Lately, there has been a surge of exciting news about the capabilities of ChatGPT and other AI systems. However, there are also concerns that these intelligent machines may eventually dominate humanity if we become too reliant on them. These developments have prompted me to ponder the question: will AI make us less intelligent? In my view, AI can be thought of as a type of soft robot. While physical robots were a cornerstone of Industry 3.0 and helped automate repetitive and mundane tasks, AI systems operate in a different domain, working in the realm of software and abstract ideas. Although the advent of robots initially raised concerns about job displacement, we saw the emergence of new types of jobs and skills as we created, maintained, and managed these machines. The use of robots also led to the development of new industries such as robotics, computer hardware, and IT, among others. This shift in manufacturing processes not only created employment opportunities but also improved s

The models/tools that we use should adapt to our understanding of what we are modeling not the other way around: changing our understanding of something because it cannot be modeled! Example Say you want to use some objects in a Block Diagram (a modeling tool) to represent an individual (an object/system in the real world). Should I consider personality traits as "attributes" or "methods"? Example: Some people angry and yell at others. Is it an attribute or a function (method) for the "Individual" block/class? Let's say I don't know how to model this because I am not familiar with the tool quite well, yet. I can model this as an attribute ("yells=true/false"). But this means that all instances of this class (all people) constantly yell! or alternatively, as a method ("yells()"). It means people can yell; this is correct but how can I use it to distinguish various instances (people are different) Or, I can stop there, thinkin